Agricultural sector is the greatest user of water in Iran, and increase of the consumption efficiency is necessary by considering the limited water resources in the recent years. Hasanlu IRRIGATION and drainage networks as a part of a larger project of Naghdi plan is one of the country's largest projects in the field of development of pressurized IRRIGATION systems. Hasanlu network supplies water to the systems of SPRINKLERs, surface gravity IRRIGATION, and hydroflums based on the available pressure head at the relevant sites. In this research, geographic information systems were used as a framework for storing, management, processing, analyzing and visualization of spatial information of Hasanlo project phase 1 to evaluate water management of this plan. For this purpose, the coefficient of uniformity and distribution uniformity in SPRINKLER IRRIGATION calculation toolbox developed and added to GIS as an extension, to simulate and evaluate the single or multi riser uniformity tests. Also, the risers discharge and application pressure were recorded at the site during the operation of the project. Results indicated that the pressure of risers varied from 0. 5 to 3. 9 bar and average Christiansen’ s coefficient of uniformity (CU) was under 50% that indicated poor water management in the farm level. Also, the satisfaction of stakeholders was in medium level.

A computer model (SPRINKLERMod) was developed to simulate hydraulics of SPRINKLER IRRIGATION systems. The objective of this paper is to describe mathematical background of this model for simulating pressures and discharges of SPRINKLERs along the laterals. The model is capable of designing two types of laterals: laterals with fixed SPRINKLERs and laterals with portable SPRINKLERs. The model shows the simulation results in the forms of tables and graphs. Laterals with one or two diameters on uniform or non-uniform slopes can be designed. The model provides graphical presentation of percentage of SPRINKLER pressure variations for different lateral inside diameters. The Hazen- Williams equation was used for the calculation of friction losses. The required input parameters for lateral simulation are lateral type, desired SPRINKLER operating discharge and pressure head, spacing between SPRINKLERs, distance of first SPRINKLER from lateral inlet, number of SPRINKLERs operating on the lateral, riser height, Hazen- Williams's pipe friction coefficient and lateral longitudinal slope or field elevations at each of the SPRINKLERs on the lateral. Laterals are simulated such that average SPRINKLER pressures and discharges become equal to the values requested by the designer. Iterative procedures were implemented to simulate SPRINKLER pressures and discharges on laterals and the Newton- Raphson iterative method was used for calculating pressure of each of the SPRINKLERs on the laterals with portable SPRINKLERs. In order to evaluate the model, some example results of the model were compared with classical design results. Since there is no formula for the calculation of the required lateral inlet pressure in classical design of laterals with portable SPRINKLERs in the scientific references, a new formula was developed. Averages of absolute percentage of variations of lateral inlet pressures for laterals with fixed SPRINKLERs and with one or two-size diameters ranged from 0.3 to 0.7 percent, respectively. This value for laterals with portable SPRINKLERs was 0.1 percent.

This research was conducted at Torogh Agricultural Research Station in Khorasan-e Razavi province to determine the impact of IRRIGATION cutoff at different growth stages and percentage of water use on the yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of wheat cultivars using SPRINKLER IRRIGATION. The study was done from 2006-2008. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with a strip split plot layout and three replications. The three vertical plots were for IRRIGATION (70%, 85%, 100% of plant requirement), the three horizontal plots were for IRRIGATION cutoff point (full IRRIGATION, IRRIGATION cutoff at stem elongation, cutoff at pollination) Three wheat cultivars (Alvand, Toos, Gaskozhen) were the subplots. The yield means at 70%, 85% and 100% water consumption were, respectively, 3182, 4639, and 4748 kg/ha. Water consumption of 85% and 100% fell into statistical group A. The highest value for WUE was 1.849 kg/m3 at 85%, followed 1/389 kg/m3 for 70%, and 1.618 kg/m3 for 100%. The IRRIGATION cutoff treatment showed significant differences (P£ 0.05) for grain yield and WUE. Full IRRIGATION showed the highest grain yield (4557 kg/ha) and IRRIGATION cutoff at stem elongation and cutoff at pollination actually decreased yield to 4195 and 3817 kg/ha, respectively. Full IRRIGATION and IRRIGATION cutoff at stem elongation fell into statistical group A. Cutoff at stem elongation had the highest WUE (1.778 kg/m3). Combined analysis showed that wheat cultivar had a significant effect on grain yield and WUE. Alvand cultivar had the highest yield (4447 kg/ha) and WUE (1.718 kg/m3). The results showed that, where water shortage was not an issue, full IRRIGATION produced the best results. In areas of water shortage, 85% IRRIGATION using the cutoff at stem elongation method is recommended for the best results in yield, water consumption and WUE.

The purpose of study was to evaluate 8 classical SPRINKLER IRRIGATION systems in Khash city. To do this, water and soil properties of each system were studied in terms of quality, soil permeability, salinity and alkalinity. Then pressures and discharge of SPRINKLERs were measured in November 2018. Evaluation indices then include Christianity uniformity coefficient (CU), distribution uniformity (DU), low quadratic real use efficiency (AELQ), low quadratic potential efficiency (PELQ), evaporation and wind loss (WDEL), deep penetration losses (DP), IRRIGATION adequacy (ADir) and application efficiency (Ea) were calculated by analyzing the measured field data. Average Christianity uniformity coefficient of 76. 1%, distribution uniformity of 65. 2%, actual quadrant use efficiency of 43. 3%, low quadrant potential efficiency of 44. 9%, evaporation and wind losses of 22. 1%, penetration losses of 21. 8%. IRRIGATION adequacy percentage was 79. 2% and application efficiency was 56. 06%. IRRIGATION was completed in systems 3, 6 and 8 and in other systems due to the unintended dehydration, the true efficiency values and the potential efficiency of the low quadrant application were equal. Systems 2, 6, 3 and 8 had lower uniformity and uniformity coefficients than the Merriam and Chlorine recommended values. Inadequate design of systems, simultaneous use of more than one SPRINKLER, poor user management, and use of nonstandard equipment were the main reasons for the low uniformity of water distribution and water use efficiency in these systems. Studies also showed that in most of the designs studied the performance of the systems was low. Therefore, it is necessary to remove the obsolete equipment and pipes and SPRINKLERs for troubleshooting. Re-check pumping station to supply needed pressure and educate farmers on the proper use of the systems.

Background and Objectives: The uniformity of water distribution in the field affects all IRRIGATION indicators from the aspect of water and soil conservation. When the uniformity coefficient is low, application efficiency decreases,consequently, the product yield decreases and increases surface water and deep percolation losses. Factors affecting water distribution uniformity in SPRINKLER IRRIGATION are classified into four groups: SPRINKLER building, IRRIGATION system, system management, and climatological factors. In this study, the effect of rotation speed and rotation factor of SPRINKLER (SPRINKLER building), SPRINKLER riser height, working pressure, arrangement and distances of SPRINKLERs (IRRIGATION system), and IRRIGATION time (system management) in field conditions on uniformity coefficient were investigated. Also, the diameter of water collection containers was evaluated on the tests results. Materials and Methods: This research was conducted on the research farm of Kurdistan University located in Dushan village of Sanandaj city. In the present study, were used from R8 Komet and Luxor SPRINKLERs. The SPRINKLER IRRIGATION model was performed by the single SPRINKLER method, and the experiments were done according to ISO15886-3: 2021 standard. An area of 3600 m2 was networked to the center of the SPRINKLER, a square grid of 3*3 meters. In each network vertices, two models of containers with two inner diameters of 80 and 180 mm and a height of 90 and 200 mm, respectively, were placed to collect water. The pressures tested for both SPRINKLERs were 30 and 40 m. The experiments used two test times (1 and 3 h), two average rotation speeds (1. 5 and 3. 5 rpm), and two SPRINKLER riser heights of 1 and 2 m. The SPRINKLERs arrangement and distances included 18×18, 24×24, and 27×27 in the square and triangular arrangements, and 21×15, 27×21, and 24×30 in the rectangular arrangement. At the end of each experiment, the water volume of the collection containers was measured by a graduated cylinder. All experiments were performed in 3 replications. Also, the wind speed was measured every 15 minutes by EXTECH 45158 tricycle device. Christiansen uniformity coefficient (CU) was used to calculate the uniformity of SPRINKLER water distribution. The research was conducted in a completely randomized block design with the factorial experiment. SPSS 22 software was used to analyze the data. Results: The effect of container diameter on CU was not significant. The uniformity coefficient of the two SPRINKLERs has a significant difference. The effect of the arrangement and riser height of the SPRINKLERs in the two low and mild wind speeds on the CU is insignificant. The effect of two low and mild wind speeds on CU was insignificant. The effect of working pressure and SPRINKLER distances in the two low and mild wind speeds on CU are significant. The effect of IRRIGATION time on the uniformity coefficient is significant. The effect of SPRINKLER rotation speed was significant on CU. Conclusion: The minimum diameter mentioned for water collection containers, according to the ISO15886-3 standard, is sufficient for the conditions of the experiments of the present study. The SPRINKLER rotation is effective on the uniformity coefficient. CU of Komet SPRINKLER is acceptable for all crops of agronomy and garden, but the Luxor SPRINKLER is only suitable for garden crops. Only part of the decrease in uniformity due to increasing the distance of SPRINKLERs can be compensated by increasing the pressure. Increasing the IRRIGATION time is effective in improving the uniformity coefficient. Increasing the rotation speed of the SPRINKLER due to repairs can effectively reduce the uniformity coefficient.

This survey was carried out in order to evaluate the classic SPRINKLER IRRIGATION systems that were executed in three different locations of GORGAN. Evaluation was done over two different fields with 3 IRRIGATIONs and in one field with 2 IRRIGATION over growing cycle of the plants. The results also revealed that there are a grat difference between application of SPRINKLER IRRIGATION methoods and what they were to be in another words it is not justifiable due to factors such as: lack of constant control and management, after application; lack of compatible of design with operation; lack of user's knowledge and information of the systems; amount of applied water does not match requirement of the plants; greater influence of business and marketing with respect to high quality design. The mean values of DU,Cu and AELQ for field 1 equal to 59.6, 69.7 and 50.5 percent, and field 2 equal to 70.3, 82 and 50.2 percent, and field 3 equal to 69.8, 67.9 and 45.6 percent, respectively.

In this study, 5 fixed classic SPRINKLER IRRIGATION systems with portable SPRINKLER with cropping pattern of wheat, clover, alfalfa, potato and sunflower with two different patterns sprayer moveent were evaluated in the city of Sonqor, Kermanshah province. The discharge of SPRINKLERs, spraying rate, water infiltration rate and infiltrated water depth showed that the water application efficiency, Christiansen coefficient and water distribution uniformity varied from between 32. 7 to 70. 3, 58 to 78 and 44. 57 to 63 percent respectively. The application efficiency of low quarter of all systems were 29 to 45 percent and the potential efficiency of low quarter the three system 1, 3, 5 were 73. 8, 70. 6, 70 percent and system 2 and 4 were 49. 16 and 29 percent respectively. Low efficiency and application efficiency of low quarter are due to wind and evaporation Losses that measured from the difference in the water output from the SPRINKLERs with the water collected in the cans and deep percolation calculated. Inappropriate pressure, the use of multiple and different SPRINKLERs, pressure and discharge variations were the main reasons of low indicators. The main problems of these systems are mismatch design with implementation, lack of adequate supervision on implementation and after it, inadequate information on soil condition, water requirement, productivity, operation management and rather than economic issues in selection of IRRIGATION equipment and methods.

In Iran, pressurized IRRIGATION systems cover a large area of agricultural land, but water use efficiency remains low because farmers tend to do deficit (over) - IRRIGATION due to their lack of knowledge of crop water requirements. To address this issue, IRRIGATION systems can be automated, and it is important to estimate crop water requirements accurately. This can be done based on soil moisture deficit or meteorological data. The water required can then be applied using a volume meter or by determining IRRIGATION time based on the SPRINKLER flow rate. The study aimed to compare crop water requirement estimates based on soil moisture deficit and meteorological data, as well as the amount of water applied using volume and time-based methods.The study was conducted in the research farm of Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran, on a SPRINKLER IRRIGATION system equipped with pressure and flow measuring devices, pressure switches, and electrical valves. The field was under corn cultivation, and four types of IRRIGATION management were evaluated, which included a combination of two methods of determining crop water requirement (soil moisture deficiency and meteorological data) and two methods of IRRIGATION application (time or volume). The four treatments were soil moisture - time (MT), soil moisture - volume (MV), weather - time (WT), and weather - volume (WV). The crop water requirement was calculated using the Penman-Monteith formula based on daily weather data. Soil moisture was measured at different depths one day before IRRIGATION, and the soil moisture deficit was calculated to determine the crop water requirement based on soil moisture. The IRRIGATION volume for each SPRINKLER in the IRRIGATION cycle was calculated using equations that written in the paper.In the volumetric-based method (treatments WV and MV), the volume of water applied was measured using a water meter with a precision of 0.1 liters, and IRRIGATION was stopped after passing the required volume of water. In the time-based method (treatments WT and MT), the IRRIGATION time was calculated by dividing the IRRIGATION volume by the average flow rate of the SPRINKLERs (3 liters per second), and IRRIGATION was stopped after the calculated duration. The actual SPRINKLER flow rate was calculated based on the volume of applied water and IRRIGATION time in each treatment and IRRIGATION round. Crop yield was measured at the time of harvest in the studied treatments and a control treatment managed by the Faculty of Agriculture. The IRRIGATION treatments were not applied in the first month of the growth period due to field limitations.The results show that the crop water requirement calculated based on meteorological data at the beginning and end of the growing period was more than the method based on soil moisture. In total, the amount of crop water requirement calculated based on soil moisture was 8% more than the meteorological-based method. The volume of applied water in treatments of MT and WT was 14 and 8% more than in MV and WV treatments, respectively.The actual flow rate of SPRINKLERs was different from the design flow rate due to IRRIGATION situations in other parts of the farm. The average discharge of SPRINKLERs (12 IRRIGATION events) in WT, MT, WV, and MV treatments was 2.79, 3.03, 3.27, and 3.12 l/s, respectively. The IRRIGATION time in volume and time-based methods also showed a significant difference. The IRRIGATION time in MT and MV treatments was 10 and 18% longer than in WT and WV treatments, respectively. The study found that due to the non-uniformity of SPRINKLER discharge, applying IRRIGATION by volume method is better than the time-based method. The results suggest that the MV treatment, which determined the amount of IRRIGATION based on soil moisture deficit and applied it using a volumetric method, is a suitable option for automating SPRINKLER IRRIGATION systems in the studied region.

An important subject in introduction of SPRINKLER and drip IRRIGATION technology is choicing system based on agricultural condition in the region. The main object of this study is choicing and ranking of SPRINKLER and traditional systems of IRRIGATION in Khorasan Razavi province farms. Necessary information obtained from collecting 186 questionaries from farmers of two regions of Khorasan Razavi province: Mashad and Sabzewar, in 1386. For this purpose, compromise and TOPSIS programming methods were used. The results of four grups of farmers and farms showed that in two groups of farmers, the best IRRIGATION system is SPRINKLER IRRIGATION (fixed and move classic) and in other groups, best IRRIGATION system is traditional IRRIGATION. The results of this study also showed that liniear and centerpivot of SPRINKLER IRRIGATION are the worse IRRIGATION systems in the region.